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Marine Life and Landmarks
How long is this experience?
We are made of roughly 60% water. However, the oceans of our planet are still a vast unknown. A dark, cold and sometimes scary place if you have thalassophobia, but always fascinating. Oceans are deep, so deep we humans have barely glanced at their bottom.
To show it accurately, we use a linear 1:378 scale. Every centimeter you see on your screen represents 3.78m of real ocean water (or 31.5 feet per inch).
To reach the bottom of Challenger Deep at 10,935m, you are scrolling down a webpage that is 109,350 pixels long. Physically, that is 28.93 m (94.9 ft) deep, roughly the height of a 9-story building.
HORIZON
Epipelagic Zone — Sunlight Zone (0–200m)
-
Physalia physalis
— Portuguese Man O'War (5m) -
Exocoetus volitans
— Tropical Flying Fish (3m) -
Sargassum natans
— Sargassum Seaweed (2m) -
Chelonia mydas
— Green Sea Turtle (13m) -
Amphiprion percula
— Clownfish (13m) -
Coral Reef Formation
— Acropora speciosa (16m) -
Octopus vulgaris
— Common Octopus (20m) -
Gymnothorax javanicus
— Giant Moray Eel (24m) -
SS Yongala
— Shipwreck (28m) -
Tursiops truncatus
— Bottlenose Dolphin (35m) -
SS Thistlegorm
— Shipwreck (33m) -
Sphyrna mokarran
— Great Hammerhead Shark (37m) -
Balaenoptera musculus
— Blue Whale (42m) -
Mobula birostris
— Giant Oceanic Manta Ray (45m) -
Rhincodon typus
— Whale Shark (50m) -
Thunnus thynnus
— Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (55m) -
Carcharhinus leucas
— Bull Shark (55m) -
Kajikia audax
— Striped Marlin (59m) -
Paralithodes camtschat.
— Red King Crab (65m) -
Macrocystis pyrifera
— Giant Kelp (65m) -
Coryphaena hippurus
— Mahi-Mahi (72m) -
Aptenodytes forsteri
— Emperor Penguin (78m) -
Makaira nigricans
— Atlantic Blue Marlin (70m) -
Ex-USS Spiegel Grove
— Artificial Reef (85m) -
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
— Purple Sea Urchin (82m) -
Physeter macrocephalus
— Sperm Whale (85m) -
Todarodes pacificus
— Japanese Flying Squid (95m) -
Atolla wyvillei
— Helmet Jellyfish (98m) -
Seriola dumerili
— Greater Amberjack (110m) -
Halimeda opuntia
— Cactus Alga (118m) -
Histioteuthis bonnellii
— Cock-eyed Squid (130m) -
Xiphias gladius
— Swordfish (140m) -
Atolla wyvillei
— Helmet Jellyfish (152m) -
Alepisaurus ferox
— Longnose Lancetfish (160m) -
Isurus oxyrinchus
— Shortfin Mako (170m) -
Tremoctopus violaceus
— Blanket Octopus (180m) -
Pyrosoma atlanticum
— Pyrosome Colony (190m) -
Electrona risso
— Risso's Lanternfish (194m) -
HMHS Britannic
— Shipwreck (120m)
Mesopelagic Zone — Twilight Zone (200–1,000m)
-
Latimeria chalumnae
— West Indian Ocean Coelacanth (202m) -
Myctophum punctatum
— Lanternfish (215m) -
Argyropelecus olfersi
— Lowcrest Hatchetfish (230m) -
Chauliodus sloani
— Sloane's Viperfish (240m) -
Deepest free dive
— Herbert Nitsch (253m) -
Histioteuthis reversa
— Reversed Cock-eyed Squid (270m) -
Cyclothone microdon
— Veiled Anglemouth (290m) -
Etmopterus spinax
— Velvet Belly Lantern Shark (310m) -
Physeter macrocephalus
— Sperm Whale (650m) -
Macropinna microstoma
— Barreleye Fish (340m) -
Deepest scuba dive
— Ahmed Gabr (332m) -
Aequorea victoria
— Crystal Jelly (360m) -
Architeuthis dux
— Giant Squid (370m) -
Deepest JIM suit dive
— Sylvia Earle (381m) -
Anoplogaster cornuta
— Common Fangtooth (400m) -
Centroscymnus coelolepis
— Portuguese Dogfish (410m) -
Lake Vostok
(420m) -
Idiacanthus atlanticus
— Black Dragonfish (440m) -
Bioluminescence cloud
— Mixed bioluminescent plankton (460m) -
Vampyroteuthis infernalis
— Vampire Squid (480m) -
Melanocetus johnsonii
— Blackdevil Anglerfish (500m) -
Mitsukurina owstoni
— Goblin Shark (520m) -
Regalecus glesne
— Giant Oarfish (560m) -
Notolepis risso
— Barracudina (580m) -
Eurypharynx pelecanoides
— Pelican Eel (600m) -
Deepest ADS suit dive
— Daniel Jackson (610m) -
Deepest nuclear detonation
— Operation Wigwam (610m) -
Stomias boa
— Boa Dragonfish (680m) -
Nautilus pompilius
— Chambered Nautilus (700m) -
Japetella diaphana
— Glass Squid (720m) -
Scopelogadus mizolepis
— Ridgescale Fish (750m) -
Bathynomus giganteus
— Giant Isopod (780m) -
Anoplogaster cornuta
— Common Fangtooth (800m) -
Siphonophore colony
— Apolemia sp. (820m) -
Japetella heathi
— Glass Octopus (860m) -
Psychrolutes marcidus
— Blobfish (875m) -
Taningia danae
— Dana Octopus Squid (940m) -
Bathylagus antarcticus
— Antarctic Deep-sea Smelt (960m) -
Hexanchus griseus
— Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (980m)
Bathypelagic Zone — Midnight Zone (1,000–4,000m)
-
Chiasmodon niger
— Black Swallower (2315m) -
Vampyroteuthis infernalis
— Vampire Squid (1050m) -
Diaphus effulgens
— Headlight Fish (1150m) -
Chlamydoselachus anguineus
— Frilled Shark (1200m) -
Bathypterois grallator
— Tripod Fish (1250m) -
Rimicaris exoculata
— Vent Shrimp (3630m) -
Malacosteus niger
— Stoplight Loosejaw (1400m) -
Grimpoteuthis sp.
— Dumbo Octopus (1500m) -
Deep Scattering Layer
— Acoustic Midwater Layer (1600m) -
Lake Baikal
(1642m) -
Regalecus glesne
— Giant Oarfish (1800m) -
Onykia robusta
— Robust Clubhook Squid (1900m) -
RMS Titanic
— Shipwreck (3784m) -
Melanocetus johnsonii
— Blackdevil Anglerfish (2100m) -
Syringammina fragilissima
— Xenophyophore (2200m) -
Deepest oil platform
— Perdido Spar (2450m) -
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
— Divergent Tectonic Boundary (2400m) -
Munida sp.
— Squat Lobster (2600m) -
Aphrocallistes vastus
— Cloud Sponge (2700m) -
SOFAR Channel
— Sound Fixing & Ranging Layer (2900m) -
Coryphaenoides rupestris
— Roundnose Grenadier (3100m) -
OceanGate Titan
— Lost Submersible (3400m) -
Gonatus onyx
— Black-eyed Squid (3200m) -
Abyssal Nodule Field
— Polymetallic Nodules (3600m) -
Average Ocean Depth
— Mean depth of all Earth's oceans (3688m) -
Eurythenes gryllus
— Abyssal Amphipod (3870m)
Abyssopelagic Zone — Abyss (4,000–6,000m)
-
Peniagone sp.
— Swimming Sea Cucumber (5400m) -
Cirrothauma murrayi
— Blind Cirrate Octopus (4100m) -
Hydrothermal Vent Field
— Black Smoker (4200m) -
Riftia pachyptila
— Giant Tube Worm (4250m) -
SS Rio Grande
— Shipwreck (4350m) -
Paralvinella sulfincola
— Sulfide Worm (4400m) -
Stygiomedusa gigantea
— Giant Phantom Jelly (4500m) -
Paralomis sp.
— Deep-sea King Crab (4600m) -
Coryphaenoides armatus
— Abyssal Grenadier (4700m) -
Syringammina sp.
— Giant Xenophyophore (4800m) -
Seamount
— Abyssal Seamount (4900m) -
Hymenodora glacialis
— Glass Deep-sea Shrimp (5000m) -
Calypso Deep — Mediterranean
— Deepest point in the Mediterranean (5267m) -
Scymnodon ringens
— Knifetooth Dogfish (5300m) -
Polychaete worm
— Abyssochromeneis cf. · 3,000–6,000m · Bristle worm; dominates sediment (5500m) -
Alicella gigantea
— Supergiant Amphipod · 4,700–5,800m · Largest amphipod at 34cm; scavenger (5700m) -
Microbial sediment mat
— Barophilic bacteria · 4,000–6,000m · Primary producers via chemosynthesis (5900m)
Hadal Zone — Mariana Trench (6,000–10,935m)
-
Pseudoliparis belyaevi
— Hadal Snailfish (6580m) -
Munnopsid Isopods
— Munnopsidae (6050m) -
Challenger Deep — Rim
— Geological Feature (6100m) -
Pseudoliparis swirei
— Mariana Snailfish (6200m) -
Foraminiferal ooze
— Calcareous Ooze · 6,000–8,000m · Foraminifera shells form sediment layers (6300m) -
0.1% of the Way to Earth's Core
— 6,371 m down · just one-thousandth of Earth's radius (6371m) -
Lysianassoid Amphipoda
— Trench Amphipod · 6,000–11,000m · Detected at all hadal sites globally (6400m) -
Hirondellea gigas
— Hadal Amphipod · 6,000–11,000m · Produces cellulase; digests wood at depth (6900m) -
Deep-Sea Fibre-Optic Cable
— Trans-oceanic submarine cable · abyssal routing (7000m) -
Abyssobrotula galatheae
— Hadal Cusk Eel · trawled at 8,370m · no swim bladder; well-ossified skeleton (7100m) -
Ophiuroidea sp.
— Brittle Star · 0–7,000m · Arms span 70cm; sea star relative (7400m) -
Plastic bag
— Anthropogenic pollution (7900m) -
Polychaeta sp.
— Hadal Bristle Worm · tube-dwelling · confirmed to 10,935m seabed (8100m) -
DSV Nereus
— Research Submersible (8200m) -
Barophilic bacteria
— Psychropiezophile · 8,000m+ · Thrive at 870 ATM; genome optimised at depth (8700m) -
PCB-153
— Polychlorinated biphenyl (8900m) -
Amphipoda sp.
— Trench Scavenger · dominant megafauna below 7,000m in all trenches (9500m) -
Hadal Sediment Plain
— Geological Feature · 9,700m · Soft clay; sedimentation 1cm per 1,000 years (9700m) -
Microbial mat community
— Barophilic bacteria · active at 1,094 ATM · primary carbon recyclers (9800m) -
Plastic bag
— Anthropogenic pollution (9900m) -
Hadal Foraminifera
— Nodellum (10100m) -
Plastic bag
— Anthropogenic pollution (10200m) -
Polychaete sp.
— Deep Trench Bristle Worm · 9,000–10,935m · Motile; predatory worm (10400m) -
Silica-rich ooze
— Diatomaceous ooze (10600m) -
Deepsea Challenger
— James Cameron solo dive (10800m) -
DSV Limiting Factor
— Victor Vescovo · 10,928m · 28 Apr 2019 — Deepest solo crewed dive (10850m) -
Bathyscaphe Trieste
— Piccard & Walsh · 10,916m · 23 Jan 1960 — First humans to Challenger Deep (10916m) -
Microbial sediment
— Deepest confirmed biosphere (10930m)